Direitos Humanos: os direitos em espécie - ONU cria Comitê para eliminação da discriminação contra as mulheres

O Comitê da Organização das Nações Unidas ( ONU ) para a Eliminação da Discriminação contra as Mulheres ( Comitê EDCM ) ( CEDAW - sigla em inglês ), um órgão especializado estabelecido em Mil novecentos e oitenta e dois, é composto por Vinte e três especialistas em questões femininas do mundo todo.

Administrador Cláudio Márcio Araújo da Gama ( registrado no Conselho Regional de Administração de Santa Catarina - CRA/SC - sob o número Vinte e quatro mil seiscentos e setenta e três ) (de chapéu ), então Secretário-Geral do Conselho Estadual de Direitos Humanos de SC ( CEDH/SC ) com mulheres no Centro de Florianópolis ( Capital do Estado ) no Dia Internacional da Mulher de Dois mil e vinte e dois. Foto: Mariléia Gomes ( Sindicato dos Trabalhadores do Serviço Público no Estado de SC - SINTESPE/SC ) .

O mandato do Comitê EDCM é muito específico: ele supervisiona o progresso das mulheres feito nos países que são Estados Partes da Convenção de Mil novecentos e setenta e nove sobre a Eliminação de Todas as Formas de Discriminação contra as Mulheres ( CONUETFDCM ). Um país se torna um Estado Parte ao ratificar ou aderir à CONUETFDCM e, assim, aceitar uma obrigação legal de combater a discriminação contra as mulheres. O Comitê EDCM monitora a implementação de medidas nacionais para cumprir essa obrigação.

Em cada uma de suas sessões, o Comitê EDCM analisa os relatórios nacionais enviados pelos Estados Partes dentro de um ano da ratificação ou adesão e, posteriormente, a cada quatro anos. Esses relatórios, que abrangem ações nacionais tomadas para melhorar a situação das mulheres, são apresentados ao Comitê EDCM por representantes do Governo. Em discussões com essas autoridades, os especialistas da CEDAW comentam o relatório e obtêm informações adicionais. Este procedimento de diálogo real, desenvolvido pelo Comitê EDCM, provou ser valioso porque permite uma troca de pontos de vista e uma análise mais clara das políticas antidiscriminação nos vários países.

O Comitê EDCM também faz recomendações sobre qualquer questão que afete as mulheres às quais acredita que os Estados Partes devem dedicar mais atenção. Por exemplo, na sessão de Mil novecentos e oitenta e nove, o Comitê EDCM discutiu a alta incidência de violência contra as mulheres, solicitando informações sobre esse problema de todos os países. Em Mil novecentos e noventa e dois, o Comitê EDCM adotou a recomendação geral número Dezenove, que exige que os relatórios nacionais ao Comitê EDCM incluam dados estatísticos sobre a incidência de violência contra as mulheres, informações sobre a prestação de serviços para as vítimas e medidas legislativas e outras tomadas para proteger as mulheres contra a violência em suas vidas cotidianas, como assédio no local de trabalho, abuso na família e violência sexual. Até o final de Dois mil e sete, o Comitê EDCM emitiu Vinte e cinco recomendações gerais.

Associação Comitê EDCM

Os Vinte e três membros da CEDAW, reconhecidos como especialistas " de alta posição moral e competência no campo abrangido pela CONUETFDCM ", são eleitos pelos Estados Partes. Essas eleições têm que atender às demandas da CONUETFDCM por distribuição geográfica equitativa na filiação e ao requisito de que os membros da CEDAW representem " diferentes formas de civilização, bem como os principais sistemas legais " . Seus mandatos duram Quatro anos, com apenas metade dos membros do Comitê EDCM substituídos a cada vez que as eleições ocorrem. A reunião dos Estados Partes é convocada a cada dois anos pelo Secretário-Geral na Sede da ONU em Nova Iorque.

Membros anterires e atuais do Comitê EDCM

Até o final de Dois mil e sete, um total de Cento e dez especialistas ( * vide nota de rodapé ) atuaram como membros do Comitê EDCM desde Mil novecentos e oitenta e dois

Presidentes do Comitê EDCM ( *2 vide nota de rodapé )

Os oficiais do Comitê consistem em um Presidente, três Vice-Presidentes e um Relator. Embora a duração dos mandatos seja estabelecida na Convenção, as regras de procedimento acrescentam que os oficiais serão elegíveis para reeleição "desde que o princípio de rotação seja mantido".

As regras de procedimento identificam os poderes gerais do Presidente. Sob as regras, o Presidente orienta os procedimentos do Comitê, incluindo a direção da discussão e do processo de tomada de decisão. Processualmente, o Presidente trabalha em estreita colaboração com o Secretariado da ONU na preparação da sessão, garantindo a condução oportuna dos negócios, incluindo a preparação de documentos, a presença de Estados-partes para a consideração de relatórios e o fornecimento geral de apoio ao Comitê.

O Presidente tem sido cada vez mais chamado para representar o Comitê em várias atividades e eventos internacionais, incluindo conferências internacionais e outras reuniões intergovernamentais das Nações Unidas. O Presidente participa em nome do Comitê na reunião anual das pessoas que presidem os órgãos de tratados de direitos humanos da ONU, que faz recomendações à Assembleia Geral.

Até a trigésima nona sessão do Comitê ( Dois mil e sete ), onze especialistas atuaram como seu presidente.

* Os Cento e dez especialistas

Ms. Charlotte Abaka Ghana 1991 – 2002 

Ms. Ayşe Feride Acar Turkey 1997 – 2004 

Ms. Sjamsiah Achmad Indonesia 2001 – 2004 

Ms. Ryoko Akamatsu Japan 1987 – 1994 

Ms. Ana Maria Alfonsín de Fasan Argentina 1989 – 1992 

Ms. Emna Aouij Tunisia 1991 – 2002 

Ms. Magalys Arocha-Dominguez Cuba 2005 – 

Ms. Gül Aykor Turkey 1993 – 1996 

Ms. Tendai Ruth Bare Zimbabwe 1995 – 1998 

Ms. Ferdous Ara Begum Bangladesh 2007 – 

Ms. Meriem Belmihoub-Zerdani Algeria 2003 – 

Ms. Desirée Patricia Bernard Guyana 1982 – 1992, 1995 –1998 

Ms. Aleksandra P. Biryukova USSR 1982 – 1986 

Ms. Carlota Bustelo García del Real Spain 1989 – 2000 

Ms. Marie Caron Canada 1982 – 1988 

Ms. Silvia Rose Cartwright New Zealand 1993 – 2000 

Ms. Saisuree Chutikul Thailand 2007 – 

Ms. Dorcas Coker-Appiah Ghana 2003 – 

Ms. Irene R. Cortes Philippines 1982 – 1986 Ms. Ivanka Corti Italy 1987 – 2002 

Ms. Feng Cui China 1999 – 2002 Ms. Shanthi Dairiam Malaysia 2005 – 

Ms. Farida Abou El-Fetouh Egypt 1983 – 1986 Ms. Graciela Escudero-Moscoso Ecuador 1982 – 1984 

Ms. Ruth Escobar Brazil 1987 – 1990

Ms. Miriam Yolanda Estrada Castillo Ecuador 1995 – 1998 

Ms. Elizabeth Evatt Australia 1985 – 1992 

Ms. Grete Fenger-Möller Denmark 1989 – 1992 

Ms. Yolanda Ferrer Gómez Cuba 1997 – 2004 

Ms. Shirley Field-Ridley (deceased after election) Guyana 1982 

Mr. Cornelis Flinterman The Netherlands 2003 – 

Ms. Norma Mónica Forde Barbados 1987 – 1994 

Ms. Naéla Gabr Egypt 1999 – 

Ms. Evangelina Garciá-Prince Venezuela 1993 – 1996 

Ms. Françoise Gaspard France 2001 – 

Ms. Huguette Bokpe Gnacadja Benin 2003 – 2006 

Ms. Aída González Martínez Mexico 1982 – 1992, 1997 – 2004 

Ms. Savitri Goonesekere Sri Lanka 1999 – 2002 

Ms. Guan Minqian China 1982 – 1990 

Ms. Hazel Gumede Shelton South Africa 2007 

Ms. Liliana Gurdulich de Correa Argentina 1993 – 1996 

Ms. Antonia Guvava Zimbabwe 1998 

Ms. Ruth Halperin-Kaddari Israel 2007 – 

Ms. Sunaryati Hartono Indonesia 1995 – 1998 

Ms. Rosalyn Hazelle St. Kitts and Nevis 1999 – 2002 

Ms. Luvsandanzangyn Ider Mongolia 1982 – 1988 

Ms. Zagorka Ilić Yugoslavia 1982 – 1994 

Ms. Aurora Javate de Dios Philippines 1995 – 1998 

Ms. Vinitha Jayasinghe Sri Lanka 1982 – 1986 

Ms. Christine Kapalata United Republic of Tanzania 2002 – 2004 

Ms. Salma Khan Bangladesh 1993 – 2000, 2003 – 2006 

Ms. Akua Kuenyehia Ghana 2003 Ms. Fatima Kwaku Nigeria 2001 – 2004 

Ms. Yung-Chung Kim Republic of Korea 1997 – 2000 

Ms. Chryssanthi Laiou-Antoniou Greece 1985 – 1992 

Ms. Vanda Lamm Hungary 1982 – 1984 

Ms. Lin Shangzhen China 1991 – 1998

Ms. Raquel Macedo de Sheppard Uruguay 1982 – 1986 

Ms. Tiziana Maiolo Italy 2005 – Ms. Pirrko Mäkinen Finland 1993 – 1996 

Ms. Rosario Manalo Philippines 1999 – 2006 Mr. Göran Melander Sweden 2001 – 2004 

Ms. Alma Montenegro de Fletcher Panama 1985 – 1988 

Ms. Krisztina Morvai Hungary 2003 – 2006 

Ms. Landrada Mukayiranga Rwanda 1982 – 1986 

Ms. Elsa Victoria Muñoz-Gómez Colombia 1993 – 1996 

Ms. Asha Rose Mtengeti-Migiro United Republic of Tanzania 2001 

Ms. Mavivi Myakayaka-Manzini South Africa 1999 – 2002 

Ms. Violeta Neubauer Slovenia 2007 – 

Ms. Nguyen Ngoc Dung Viet Nam 1982 – 1984 

Ms. Tatiana Nikolaeva USSR 1991 – 1994 

Mr. Johan Nordenfelt Sweden 1982 – 1984 

Ms. Elvira Novikova USSR 1987 – 1990 

Ms. Dora Gladys Nancy Bravo Nuñez de Ramsey Ecuador 1991 – 1994 

Ms. Edith Oeser German Democratic Republic 1982 – 1992 

Ms. Ahoua Ouedraogo Burkina Faso 1993 – 2000 

Ms. Pramila Patten Mauritius 2003 – 

Ms. Lia Patiño de Martinez Panama 1982 – 1984 

Ms. Vesselina Peytcheva Bulgaria 1982 – 1986 

Ms. Lily Pilataxi de Arenas Ecuador 1987 – 1990 

Ms. Silvia Pimentel Brazil 2005 – 

Ms. Victoria Popescu Sandru Romania 2003 – 2006 

Ms. Teresita Quintos-Deles Philippines 1991 – 1994 

Ms. Frances Livingstone Raday Israel 2001 – 2002 

Ms. Zelmira Regazzoli Argentina 1999 – 2002 

Ms. Maria Regent-Lechowicz Poland 1982 – 1986 

Ms. Anne Lise Ryel Norway 1997 – 2000 

Ms. Maria Margarida de Rego da Costa Salema Moura Ribeiro Portugal 1982 – 1988

Ms. Fumiko Saiga Japan 2002 – 

Ms. Ginko Sato Japan 1995 – 1998 

Ms. Pudjiwati Sayogyo Indonesia 1987 – 1990 

Ms. Hanna Beate Schöpp-Schilling Germany 1989 – 

Ms. Carmel Shalev Israel 1995 – 2001 Ms. Glenda P. Simms Jamaica 2005 – 

Ms. Heisoo Shin Republic of Korea 2001 – Ms. Dubravka Šimonović Croatia 2003 – 

Ms. Kongit Sinegiorgis Ethiopia 1985 – 2000 

Ms. Lucy Smith Norway 1983 – 1986 

Ms. Ida Soekaman Indonesia 1987 

Ms. Hadja Assa Diallo Soumare Mali 1987 – 1990 

Ms. Rakel Surlien Norway 1982 

Ms. Mervat Tallawy Egypt 1987 – 1998 

Ms. Anamah Tan Singapore 2005 – 

Ms. Maria Regina Tavares da Silva Portugal 2001 – 

Ms. Chikako Taya Japan 1999 – 2001 

Ms. Kissem Walla Tchangai Togo 1989 – 1992 

Ms. Rose Ukeje Nigeria 1987 – 1994 

Ms. Esther Veliz Diaz de Villalvilla Cuba 1982 – 1988 

Ms. Margareta Wadstein Sweden 1985 – 1988 

Ms. Xiaoqiao Zou China 2005 –

*2 Presidentes do Comitê EDCM

 

Ms. Dubravka Šimonović, the Committee’s eleventh Chairperson, has been chairing the Committee since its thirty-seventh session in January 2007. 

The following is a list of the Committee’s Chairpersons: 

Ms. Luvsandanzangyn Ider (1982 – 1987) A national of Mongolia, Ms. Ider served on the Committee from 1982 to 1988. Her career in the foreign service of her country began in 1963, and she has the rank of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary. She has attended many UN meetings and conferences and those of other international organizations since 1962. In 1979, she was Vice-Chairperson of the UN Commission for Social Development, and in 1985 she was nominated its Chairperson. Ms. Desirée Bernard (1985 – 1988) A national of Guyana, Ms. Bernard served on the Committee from 1982 to 1992 and from 1995 to 1998. She was appointed the first woman judge of the High Court of Guyana in October 1980, and was later appointed the first woman judge of the Court of Appeals of Guyana in May 1992. She later served as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Guyana. In her career, she has attended many national, regional and international fora, and has written and lectured extensively on the legal rights of women and children.

Ms. Elizabeth Evatt (1989 – 1990) A national of Australia, Ms. Evatt served on the Committee from 1985 to 1992. From 1976 to 1988, she was Chief Judge of the Family Court of Australia, and from 1988 to 1993, she was President of the Law Reform Commission of Australia. She has also served as a part-time Commissioner of the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. She served as member of the UN Human Rights Committee from 1993 to 2000.

Ms. Mervat Tallawy (1991 – 1992) A national of Egypt, Ms. Tallawy served on the Committee from 1987 to 1998. She was appointed Minister for Social Affairs in 1997. She was Ambassador to Austria and Permanent Representative of her country to the United Nations Office at Vienna. She was Deputy Director of the International Training and Research Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW) for several years. Ms. Tallawy has represented her country at many UN meetings and conferences and those of other international and regional organizations since 1962. She was Chairperson of the Commission on the Status of Women from 1992 to 1993. Since 2000, Ms. Tallawy has been the Executive Secretary of UN ESCWA. Ms. Ivanka Corti (1993 – 1996) A national of Italy, Ms. Corti served on the Committee from 1987 to 2002. She was its Chairperson for two consecutive terms during the period leading up to, during and after the Fourth World Conference on Women (Beijing 1995), and was instrumental in ensuring the participation of the Committee at the Conference. She was elected Chairperson of the seventh meeting of the persons chairing the human rights treaty bodies in September 1996. Ms. Corti has contributed greatly to the increased visibility of the Committee. She was a member of the Italian Prime Minister’s Commission for Human Rights. Ms. Salma Khan (1997 – 1998) A national of Bangladesh, Ms. Khan served on the Committee from 1993 to 2000 and from 2003 to 2006. She was the Director-General of the Bangladesh Management Development Centre. She was Divisional Chief Economist of the Ministry of Planning from 1993 to 1994. Ms. Khan's professional work and publications have focused on economics as well as women, children, labour, credit, and non-governmental organizations. In 2006, she became her country’s Ambassador to Indonesia.

Ms. Aída González Martinez (1999 – 2000) A national of Mexico, Ms. González served on the Committee from 1982 to 1992 and from 1997 to 2004. She has been Coordinator for Women's Affairs in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs since 1993, and Adviser to the Secretary of Foreign Affairs since 1990. She has been an Ambassador since 1978, and has represented her country since 1968 at the United Nations and other international organizations. In addition to international relations, Ms. González has focused on women's issues, human rights and labour and social welfare. Ms. Charlotte Abaka (2001 – 2002) A national of Ghana, Ms. Abaka served on the Committee from 1991 to 2002. She has represented her country in a number of UN meetings and conferences, as well as other international and regional conferences since 1989. She served as the Chairperson of the National Subcommittee on the CEDAW (an independent body to monitor implementation of the Convention and the Beijing Platform for Action) since 1996. She has written many publications and lectures on women's issues, youth awareness, labour and gender equality. Ms. Feride Ayse Acar (2003 – 2004) A national of Turkey, Ms. Acar served on the Committee from 1997 to 2004. She has been an academic since 1977, at the Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey. She became Professor in 1994 and Chairperson of the Department in 2001. She was the founder and chairperson/director of the first degree-conferring graduate programme in Gender and Women’s Studies in Turkey, at the same University. She has published and lectured extensively on women’s human rights, and been an advocate for gender equality and implementation of the Convention in her own country and around the world.

Ms. Rosario G. Manalo (2005 – 2006) A national of the Philippines, Ms. Manalo served on the Committee from 1999 to 2006. She has been a career diplomat serving, since 1979, as her country’s Ambassador to several countries in Europe as well as to international and regional organizations. She represented her Government at the Third World Conference on Women, in Nairobi, Kenya, in 1985. As a lecturer at the Foreign Service Institute, she gave courses on gender issues and human rights, economic diplomacy, and international relations. She has also been a Professor at the Philippine Women’s University Graduate School of Public Administration and De La Salle University on International Relations and Diplomacy. Among her particular interests has been the situation of migrant women. Ms. Dubravka Šimonović (2007 – 2008) A national of Croatia, Ms. Dubravka Šimonović has been a member of the Committee since January 2002, and served as its Rapporteur in 2005 and 2006. A career foreign service officer, Ms. Šimonović currently heads the Human Rights Department in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. She represented her country at the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, China, in 1995. She was elected Chairperson of the Commission on the Status of Women for 2001 and 2002, and served as a member of the UNIFEM Consultative Committee from 2001 to 2003. She has been appointed by the Secretary-General of the Council of Europe to its Task Force to combat violence against women, including domestic violence (2006-2008), and was its Chairperson in 2006/07. Ms Šimonović has published and lectured widely on women’s rights. (Source: United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women/Department of Economic and Social Affairs, July 2007)